{"id":35806,"date":"2025-09-30T12:34:18","date_gmt":"2025-09-30T11:34:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/?page_id=35806"},"modified":"2026-01-30T15:51:16","modified_gmt":"2026-01-30T14:51:16","slug":"chemical-background-c3-c4-sugars","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/it\/chemical-background-c3-c4-sugars\/","title":{"rendered":"Sfondo chimico degli zuccheri C3 e C4"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"page-header-1997196450\" class=\"page-header-wrapper\">\n  <div class=\"page-title dark divided-title\">\n\n        <div class=\"page-title-bg\">\n      <div class=\"title-bg fill bg-fill\"\n        data-parallax-container=\".page-title\"\n        data-parallax-background\n data-parallax=\"-\">\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"title-overlay fill\"><\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"page-title-inner container align-center flex-row medium-flex-wrap\" >\n              <div class=\"title-wrapper is-large flex-col text-left medium-text-center\">\n          <h1 class=\"entry-title mb-0\">\n            Frode del miele - Zuccheri C3 e C4 nei test di autenticit\u00e0          <\/h1>\n        <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"title-content flex-col flex-right text-right medium-text-center\">\n        <div class=\"title-breadcrumbs pb-half pt-half\"><nav class=\"woocommerce-breadcrumb breadcrumbs\" aria-label=\"Breadcrumb\" data-no-translation=\"\" data-trp-gettext=\"\">Home<\/nav><\/div>      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n     \n<style>\n#page-header-1997196450 .title-bg {\n  background-image: url(https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/mnz-header-2.jpg);\n}\n<\/style>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"container header-wrapper-divider\"><hr\/><\/div>  <\/div>\n  \n<div class=\"row\"  id=\"row-1646223651\">\n\n\t<div id=\"col-1184933198\" class=\"col small-12 large-12\"  >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n<p>La frode del miele, in cui i prodotti a base di miele vengono adulterati o etichettati in modo errato, \u00e8 un problema globale. Ha conseguenze economiche e rischi potenziali per la qualit\u00e0 degli alimenti. Metodi di autenticazione affidabili sono quindi fondamentali per salvaguardare la fiducia dei consumatori e tutelare le pratiche di commercio equo e solidale.<\/p>\n<p>L'analisi degli zuccheri C3 e C4 \u00e8 uno strumento importante a questo proposito. Questi zuccheri sono direttamente collegati al percorso di fotosintesi della pianta da cui provengono. Analizzando il loro rapporto e la loro composizione isotopica, non solo si possono individuare le frodi (aggiunta di sciroppi zuccherini), ma si possono anche ottenere informazioni sulla <em>origine botanica e geografica<\/em> di miele.<\/p>\n<h2>Cosa sono gli zuccheri C3 e C4?<\/h2>\n<p>Le piante utilizzano diverse vie di fotosintesi per convertire l'anidride carbonica in zuccheri:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Le piante C3 (come la barbabietola da zucchero, il riso, il grano e l'orzo) producono zuccheri con un profilo isotopico caratteristico.<\/li>\n<li>Le piante C4 (come la canna da zucchero e il mais) seguono un percorso di fotosintesi diverso, in cui il primo composto stabile contiene quattro atomi di carbonio. I loro zuccheri sono isotopicamente distinti da quelli delle piante C3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"6\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Caratteristica<\/th>\n<th>Zuccheri C3<\/th>\n<th>Zuccheri C4<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Piante di origine<\/td>\n<td>Barbabietola da zucchero, riso, grano, orzo<\/td>\n<td>Canna da zucchero, mais<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Fotosintesi<\/td>\n<td>Percorso C3 (3 atomi di carbonio)<\/td>\n<td>Percorso C4 (4 atomi di carbonio)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Adulteranti comuni<\/td>\n<td>Sciroppo di riso, sciroppo di barbabietola<\/td>\n<td>Sciroppo di mais (HFCS), sciroppo di zucchero di canna<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Complessit\u00e0 di rilevamento<\/td>\n<td>Sono richiesti metodi pi\u00f9 difficili e avanzati<\/td>\n<td>Metodo standard relativamente pi\u00f9 semplice e affidabile<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>Metodi di prova per l'autenticit\u00e0<\/h2>\n<p>I metodi analitici tradizionali spesso non sono sufficientemente sensibili per individuare le frodi del miele. Per questo motivo, in tutto il mondo vengono applicate tecniche specializzate:<\/p>\n<h3>Zuccheri C4: Test di autenticit\u00e0 con AOAC 998.12 (EA-IRMS)<\/h3>\n<p>Il metodo AOAC 998.12, riconosciuto a livello internazionale, utilizza <em>Analisi elementare - Spettrometria di massa con rapporto isotopico (EA-IRMS)<\/em>. Questa tecnica misura il rapporto tra gli isotopi del carbonio (\u03b4<sup>13<\/sup>C) nel miele e la confronta con la frazione proteica. In questo modo \u00e8 possibile rilevare le aggiunte di sciroppo di canna o di mais. Il metodo \u00e8 in uso da oltre 20 anni, \u00e8 in grado di rilevare aggiunte fino a 1% ed \u00e8 considerato il gold standard per il rilevamento dello zucchero C4.<\/p>\n<h3>Zuccheri C3: Screening dell'autenticit\u00e0 con FoodQS LC-HRMS<\/h3>\n<p>Gli zuccheri C3 sono pi\u00f9 complessi da rilevare perch\u00e9 il loro profilo isotopico \u00e8 pi\u00f9 vicino a quello del miele naturale. FoodQS GmbH, partner esclusivo dell'MNZ, ha quindi sviluppato un metodo avanzato basato su <em>LC-HRMS (Cromatografia liquida - Spettrometria di massa ad alta risoluzione)<\/em>. Questo metodo utilizza un ampio database di sciroppi e campioni di miele per distinguere con precisione gli zuccheri C3 esogeni (aggiunti) dai componenti naturali del miele.<\/p>\n<p>Il sistema \u00e8 anche in grado di distinguere tra tracce di residui provenienti dal mangime delle api e adulterazioni significative, fornendo non solo un risultato \"positivo\/negativo\" ma anche una stima quantitativa della quantit\u00e0 di sciroppo.<\/p>\n<h2>L'approccio di MNZ<\/h2>\n<p>MNZ conduce test approfonditi per gli zuccheri C3 e C4 nel suo miele di Manuka, sia in Nuova Zelanda che presso laboratori indipendenti in Germania. Oltre all'analisi degli zuccheri, vengono esaminati altri marcatori, tra cui l'analisi del polline, la gliceraldeide, il diidrossiacetone (DHA) e i profili microbici. Grazie a questa ampia serie di analisi, MNZ pu\u00f2 garantire con sicurezza l'autenticit\u00e0 e la purezza del suo miele.<\/p>\n<p>Questo impegno va oltre i soli test di laboratorio: MNZ collabora con esperti scientifici, autorit\u00e0 di regolamentazione e partner come FoodQS per migliorare continuamente i metodi. Grazie a rigorosi protocolli di approvvigionamento e a pratiche di apicoltura sostenibile, viene salvaguardata l'integrit\u00e0 della catena di approvvigionamento.<\/p>\n<h2>Conclusione<\/h2>\n<p>La combinazione di AOAC 998.12 per gli zuccheri C4 e LC-HRMS per gli zuccheri C3 costituisce una potente strategia per individuare le frodi nel miele. Grazie a questi metodi, combinati con ulteriori controlli di qualit\u00e0, MNZ \u00e8 in grado di garantire l'autenticit\u00e0 del suo esclusivo miele di Manuka grezzo e di fornire ai consumatori di tutto il mondo un prodotto puro e affidabile.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n<\/div>\n\t\n  \n    <div class=\"row large-columns-4 medium-columns-3 small-columns-2 row-small slider row-slider slider-nav-reveal slider-nav-push\"  data-flickity-options='{&quot;imagesLoaded&quot;: true, &quot;groupCells&quot;: &quot;100%&quot;, &quot;dragThreshold&quot; : 5, &quot;cellAlign&quot;: &quot;left&quot;,&quot;wrapAround&quot;: true,&quot;prevNextButtons&quot;: true,&quot;percentPosition&quot;: true,&quot;pageDots&quot;: false, &quot;rightToLeft&quot;: false, &quot;autoPlay&quot; : false}' >\n\n  \n\t     <div class=\"product-small col has-hover product type-product post-36173 status-publish first instock product_cat-mnz-products has-post-thumbnail taxable shipping-taxable purchasable product-type-simple\">\n\t<div class=\"col-inner\">\n\t\n<div class=\"badge-container absolute left top z-1\">\n\n<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"product-small box\">\n\t\t<div class=\"box-image\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"image-none\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/it\/product\/manuka-honey-mgo-50-500gr\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mnz-manuka-honing-mgo-50-500gr.webp\" class=\"attachment-woocommerce_thumbnail size-woocommerce_thumbnail\" alt=\"Miele di Manuka MGO 50+ 500gr.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mnz-manuka-honing-mgo-50-500gr.webp 500w, https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mnz-manuka-honing-mgo-50-500gr-300x300.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mnz-manuka-honing-mgo-50-500gr-80x80.webp 80w, https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mnz-manuka-honing-mgo-50-500gr-12x12.webp 12w, https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mnz-manuka-honing-mgo-50-500gr-100x100.webp 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"image-tools is-small top right show-on-hover\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wishlist-icon\">\n\t\t\t<button class=\"wishlist-button button is-outline circle icon\" aria-label=\"Lista dei Desideri\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"icon-heart\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wishlist-popup dark\">\n\t\t\t\t\n<div\n\tclass=\"yith-wcwl-add-to-wishlist add-to-wishlist-36173 yith-wcwl-add-to-wishlist--link-style wishlist-fragment on-first-load\"\n\tdata-fragment-ref=\"36173\"\n\tdata-fragment-options=\"{&quot;base_url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;product_id&quot;:36173,&quot;parent_product_id&quot;:0,&quot;product_type&quot;:&quot;simple&quot;,&quot;is_single&quot;:false,&quot;in_default_wishlist&quot;:false,&quot;show_view&quot;:false,&quot;browse_wishlist_text&quot;:&quot;Browse wishlist&quot;,&quot;already_in_wishslist_text&quot;:&quot;The product is already in your wishlist!&quot;,&quot;product_added_text&quot;:&quot;Product added!&quot;,&quot;available_multi_wishlist&quot;:false,&quot;disable_wishlist&quot;:false,&quot;show_count&quot;:false,&quot;ajax_loading&quot;:false,&quot;loop_position&quot;:&quot;after_add_to_cart&quot;,&quot;item&quot;:&quot;add_to_wishlist&quot;}\"\n>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"image-tools is-small hide-for-small bottom left show-on-hover\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"image-tools grid-tools text-center hide-for-small bottom hover-slide-in show-on-hover\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<div class=\"box-text box-text-products text-center grid-style-2\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"title-wrapper\"><p class=\"name product-title woocommerce-loop-product__title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/it\/product\/manuka-honey-mgo-50-500gr\/\" class=\"woocommerce-LoopProduct-link woocommerce-loop-product__link\">Miele di Manuka MGO 50+ 500gr.<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"price-wrapper\">\n\t<span class=\"price\"><span class=\"woocommerce-Price-amount amount\"><bdi><span class=\"woocommerce-Price-currencySymbol\">\u20ac<\/span>34.50<\/bdi><\/span> <small class=\"woocommerce-price-suffix\">IVA inclusa<\/small><\/span>\n<\/div><div class=\"add-to-cart-button\"><a href=\"\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/35806?add-to-cart=36173\" aria-describedby=\"woocommerce_loop_add_to_cart_link_describedby_36173\" data-quantity=\"1\" class=\"primary is-small mb-0 button product_type_simple add_to_cart_button ajax_add_to_cart is-outline\" data-product_id=\"36173\" data-product_sku=\"MNZ024\" aria-label=\"Aggiungi al carrello: &quot;Manuka Honey MGO 50+ 500gr.&quot;\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-success_message=\"&quot;Manuka Honey MGO 50+ 500gr.&quot; \u00e8 stato aggiunto al tuo carrello\" role=\"button\" data-no-translation=\"\" data-trp-gettext=\"\" data-no-translation-aria-label=\"\" data-no-translation-data-success_message=\"\">Aggiungi al carrello<\/a><\/div>\t<span id=\"woocommerce_loop_add_to_cart_link_describedby_36173\" class=\"screen-reader-text\">\n\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"product-small col has-hover product type-product post-35433 status-publish instock product_cat-mnz-products has-post-thumbnail taxable shipping-taxable purchasable product-type-simple\">\n\t<div class=\"col-inner\">\n\t\n<div class=\"badge-container absolute left top z-1\">\n\n<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"product-small box\">\n\t\t<div class=\"box-image\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"image-none\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/it\/product\/manuka-magic-raw-manuka-honey-mgo-550-250gr\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Manuka-Magic-550-500x500.webp\" class=\"attachment-woocommerce_thumbnail size-woocommerce_thumbnail\" alt=\"Manuka Magic - Miele di Manuka grezzo MGO 550+ 250gr.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Manuka-Magic-550-500x500.webp 500w, https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Manuka-Magic-550-100x100.webp 100w, https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Manuka-Magic-550-300x300.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Manuka-Magic-550-80x80.webp 80w, https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Manuka-Magic-550-768x768.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Manuka-Magic-550-12x12.webp 12w, https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Manuka-Magic-550.webp 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"image-tools is-small top right show-on-hover\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wishlist-icon\">\n\t\t\t<button class=\"wishlist-button button is-outline circle icon\" aria-label=\"Lista dei Desideri\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"icon-heart\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wishlist-popup dark\">\n\t\t\t\t\n<div\n\tclass=\"yith-wcwl-add-to-wishlist add-to-wishlist-35433 yith-wcwl-add-to-wishlist--link-style wishlist-fragment on-first-load\"\n\tdata-fragment-ref=\"35433\"\n\tdata-fragment-options=\"{&quot;base_url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;product_id&quot;:35433,&quot;parent_product_id&quot;:0,&quot;product_type&quot;:&quot;simple&quot;,&quot;is_single&quot;:false,&quot;in_default_wishlist&quot;:false,&quot;show_view&quot;:false,&quot;browse_wishlist_text&quot;:&quot;Browse wishlist&quot;,&quot;already_in_wishslist_text&quot;:&quot;The product is already in your wishlist!&quot;,&quot;product_added_text&quot;:&quot;Product added!&quot;,&quot;available_multi_wishlist&quot;:false,&quot;disable_wishlist&quot;:false,&quot;show_count&quot;:false,&quot;ajax_loading&quot;:false,&quot;loop_position&quot;:&quot;after_add_to_cart&quot;,&quot;item&quot;:&quot;add_to_wishlist&quot;}\"\n>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"image-tools is-small hide-for-small bottom left show-on-hover\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"image-tools grid-tools text-center hide-for-small bottom hover-slide-in show-on-hover\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<div class=\"box-text box-text-products text-center grid-style-2\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"title-wrapper\"><p class=\"name product-title woocommerce-loop-product__title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/it\/product\/manuka-magic-raw-manuka-honey-mgo-550-250gr\/\" class=\"woocommerce-LoopProduct-link woocommerce-loop-product__link\">Manuka Magic - Miele di Manuka grezzo MGO 550+ 250gr.<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"price-wrapper\">\n\t<span class=\"price\"><span class=\"woocommerce-Price-amount amount\"><bdi><span class=\"woocommerce-Price-currencySymbol\">\u20ac<\/span>64.50<\/bdi><\/span> <small class=\"woocommerce-price-suffix\">IVA inclusa<\/small><\/span>\n<\/div><div class=\"add-to-cart-button\"><a href=\"\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/35806?add-to-cart=35433\" aria-describedby=\"woocommerce_loop_add_to_cart_link_describedby_35433\" data-quantity=\"1\" class=\"primary is-small mb-0 button product_type_simple add_to_cart_button ajax_add_to_cart is-outline\" data-product_id=\"35433\" data-product_sku=\"MM006\" aria-label=\"Aggiungi al carrello: &quot;Manuka Magic - Raw Manuka Honey MGO 550+ 250gr.&quot;\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-success_message=\"&quot;Manuka Magic - Raw Manuka Honey MGO 550+ 250gr.&quot; \u00e8 stato aggiunto al tuo carrello\" role=\"button\" data-no-translation=\"\" data-trp-gettext=\"\" data-no-translation-aria-label=\"\" data-no-translation-data-success_message=\"\">Aggiungi al carrello<\/a><\/div>\t<span id=\"woocommerce_loop_add_to_cart_link_describedby_35433\" class=\"screen-reader-text\">\n\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"product-small col has-hover product type-product post-34243 status-publish instock product_cat-mnz-products has-post-thumbnail taxable shipping-taxable purchasable product-type-simple\">\n\t<div class=\"col-inner\">\n\t\n<div class=\"badge-container absolute left top z-1\">\n\n<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"product-small box\">\n\t\t<div class=\"box-image\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"image-none\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/it\/product\/kanuka-essential-oil\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/kanuka-essential-oil.webp\" class=\"attachment-woocommerce_thumbnail size-woocommerce_thumbnail\" alt=\"Olio di Kanuka (100% olio essenziale puro) (Kunzea ericoides)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/kanuka-essential-oil.webp 500w, https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/kanuka-essential-oil-100x100.webp 100w, https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/kanuka-essential-oil-400x400.webp 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"image-tools is-small top right show-on-hover\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wishlist-icon\">\n\t\t\t<button class=\"wishlist-button button is-outline circle icon\" aria-label=\"Lista dei Desideri\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"icon-heart\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wishlist-popup dark\">\n\t\t\t\t\n<div\n\tclass=\"yith-wcwl-add-to-wishlist add-to-wishlist-34243 yith-wcwl-add-to-wishlist--link-style wishlist-fragment on-first-load\"\n\tdata-fragment-ref=\"34243\"\n\tdata-fragment-options=\"{&quot;base_url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;product_id&quot;:34243,&quot;parent_product_id&quot;:0,&quot;product_type&quot;:&quot;simple&quot;,&quot;is_single&quot;:false,&quot;in_default_wishlist&quot;:false,&quot;show_view&quot;:false,&quot;browse_wishlist_text&quot;:&quot;Browse wishlist&quot;,&quot;already_in_wishslist_text&quot;:&quot;The product is already in your wishlist!&quot;,&quot;product_added_text&quot;:&quot;Product added!&quot;,&quot;available_multi_wishlist&quot;:false,&quot;disable_wishlist&quot;:false,&quot;show_count&quot;:false,&quot;ajax_loading&quot;:false,&quot;loop_position&quot;:&quot;after_add_to_cart&quot;,&quot;item&quot;:&quot;add_to_wishlist&quot;}\"\n>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"image-tools is-small hide-for-small bottom left show-on-hover\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"image-tools grid-tools text-center hide-for-small bottom hover-slide-in show-on-hover\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<div class=\"box-text box-text-products text-center grid-style-2\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"title-wrapper\"><p class=\"name product-title woocommerce-loop-product__title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/it\/product\/kanuka-essential-oil\/\" class=\"woocommerce-LoopProduct-link woocommerce-loop-product__link\">Olio di Kanuka (100% olio essenziale puro) (Kunzea ericoides)<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"price-wrapper\">\n\t<span class=\"price\"><span class=\"woocommerce-Price-amount amount\"><bdi><span class=\"woocommerce-Price-currencySymbol\">\u20ac<\/span>29.95<\/bdi><\/span> <small class=\"woocommerce-price-suffix\">IVA inclusa<\/small><\/span>\n<\/div><div class=\"add-to-cart-button\"><a href=\"\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/35806?add-to-cart=34243\" aria-describedby=\"woocommerce_loop_add_to_cart_link_describedby_34243\" data-quantity=\"1\" class=\"primary is-small mb-0 button product_type_simple add_to_cart_button ajax_add_to_cart is-outline\" data-product_id=\"34243\" data-product_sku=\"MNZ204\" aria-label=\"Aggiungi al carrello: &quot;Kanuka Oil (100% essential pure oil) (Kunzea ericoides)&quot;\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-success_message=\"&quot;Kanuka Oil (100% essential pure oil) (Kunzea ericoides)&quot; \u00e8 stato aggiunto al tuo carrello\" role=\"button\" data-no-translation=\"\" data-trp-gettext=\"\" data-no-translation-aria-label=\"\" data-no-translation-data-success_message=\"\">Aggiungi al carrello<\/a><\/div>\t<span id=\"woocommerce_loop_add_to_cart_link_describedby_34243\" class=\"screen-reader-text\">\n\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"product-small col has-hover product type-product post-34241 status-publish instock product_cat-mnz-products has-post-thumbnail taxable shipping-taxable purchasable product-type-simple\">\n\t<div class=\"col-inner\">\n\t\n<div class=\"badge-container absolute left top z-1\">\n\n<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"product-small box\">\n\t\t<div class=\"box-image\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"image-none\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/it\/product\/kanuka-balm\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/kanuka-balm.webp\" class=\"attachment-woocommerce_thumbnail size-woocommerce_thumbnail\" alt=\"Balsamo Kanuka 13gr.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/kanuka-balm.webp 500w, https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/kanuka-balm-100x100.webp 100w, https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/kanuka-balm-400x400.webp 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"image-tools is-small top right show-on-hover\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wishlist-icon\">\n\t\t\t<button class=\"wishlist-button button is-outline circle icon\" aria-label=\"Lista dei Desideri\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"icon-heart\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wishlist-popup dark\">\n\t\t\t\t\n<div\n\tclass=\"yith-wcwl-add-to-wishlist add-to-wishlist-34241 yith-wcwl-add-to-wishlist--link-style wishlist-fragment on-first-load\"\n\tdata-fragment-ref=\"34241\"\n\tdata-fragment-options=\"{&quot;base_url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;product_id&quot;:34241,&quot;parent_product_id&quot;:0,&quot;product_type&quot;:&quot;simple&quot;,&quot;is_single&quot;:false,&quot;in_default_wishlist&quot;:false,&quot;show_view&quot;:false,&quot;browse_wishlist_text&quot;:&quot;Browse wishlist&quot;,&quot;already_in_wishslist_text&quot;:&quot;The product is already in your wishlist!&quot;,&quot;product_added_text&quot;:&quot;Product added!&quot;,&quot;available_multi_wishlist&quot;:false,&quot;disable_wishlist&quot;:false,&quot;show_count&quot;:false,&quot;ajax_loading&quot;:false,&quot;loop_position&quot;:&quot;after_add_to_cart&quot;,&quot;item&quot;:&quot;add_to_wishlist&quot;}\"\n>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"image-tools is-small hide-for-small bottom left show-on-hover\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"image-tools grid-tools text-center hide-for-small bottom hover-slide-in show-on-hover\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<div class=\"box-text box-text-products text-center grid-style-2\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"title-wrapper\"><p class=\"name product-title woocommerce-loop-product__title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/it\/product\/kanuka-balm\/\" class=\"woocommerce-LoopProduct-link woocommerce-loop-product__link\">Balsamo Kanuka 13gr.<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"price-wrapper\">\n\t<span class=\"price\"><span class=\"woocommerce-Price-amount amount\"><bdi><span class=\"woocommerce-Price-currencySymbol\">\u20ac<\/span>17.50<\/bdi><\/span> <small class=\"woocommerce-price-suffix\">IVA inclusa<\/small><\/span>\n<\/div><div class=\"add-to-cart-button\"><a href=\"\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/35806?add-to-cart=34241\" aria-describedby=\"woocommerce_loop_add_to_cart_link_describedby_34241\" data-quantity=\"1\" class=\"primary is-small mb-0 button product_type_simple add_to_cart_button ajax_add_to_cart is-outline\" data-product_id=\"34241\" data-product_sku=\"MNZ205\" aria-label=\"Aggiungi al carrello: &quot;Kanuka Balm 13gr.&quot;\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-success_message=\"&quot;Kanuka Balm 13gr.&quot; \u00e8 stato aggiunto al tuo carrello\" role=\"button\" data-no-translation=\"\" data-trp-gettext=\"\" data-no-translation-aria-label=\"\" data-no-translation-data-success_message=\"\">Aggiungi al carrello<\/a><\/div>\t<span id=\"woocommerce_loop_add_to_cart_link_describedby_34241\" class=\"screen-reader-text\">\n\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-35806","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>C3 &amp; C4 Sugars in Honey \u2013 Authenticity Testing | MNZ\u00ae<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn how C3 &amp; C4 sugar analysis detects honey fraud and verifies authenticity. Discover MNZ\u2019s advanced LC-HRMS and AOAC methods for pure Manuka honey.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/it\/chemical-background-c3-c4-sugars\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"it_IT\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"C3 &amp; C4 Sugars in Honey \u2013 Authenticity Testing | MNZ\u00ae\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Learn how C3 &amp; C4 sugar analysis detects honey fraud and verifies authenticity. 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