{"id":35806,"date":"2025-09-30T12:34:18","date_gmt":"2025-09-30T11:34:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/?page_id=35806"},"modified":"2026-01-30T15:51:16","modified_gmt":"2026-01-30T14:51:16","slug":"chemical-background-c3-c4-sugars","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/nb\/chemical-background-c3-c4-sugars\/","title":{"rendered":"Kjemisk bakgrunn for C3- og C4-sukkerarter"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"page-header-1780703284\" class=\"page-header-wrapper\">\n  <div class=\"page-title dark divided-title\">\n\n        <div class=\"page-title-bg\">\n      <div class=\"title-bg fill bg-fill\"\n        data-parallax-container=\".page-title\"\n        data-parallax-background\n data-parallax=\"-\">\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"title-overlay fill\"><\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"page-title-inner container align-center flex-row medium-flex-wrap\" >\n              <div class=\"title-wrapper is-large flex-col text-left medium-text-center\">\n          <h1 class=\"entry-title mb-0\">\n            Honningsvindel - C3- og C4-sukkerarter i ekthetstesting          <\/h1>\n        <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"title-content flex-col flex-right text-right medium-text-center\">\n        <div class=\"title-breadcrumbs pb-half pt-half\"><nav class=\"woocommerce-breadcrumb breadcrumbs\" aria-label=\"Breadcrumb\" data-no-translation=\"\" data-trp-gettext=\"\">Hjem<\/nav><\/div>      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n     \n<style>\n#page-header-1780703284 .title-bg {\n  background-image: url(https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/mnz-header-2.jpg);\n}\n<\/style>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"container header-wrapper-divider\"><hr\/><\/div>  <\/div>\n  \n<div class=\"row\"  id=\"row-2126531303\">\n\n\t<div id=\"col-2102049661\" class=\"col small-12 large-12\"  >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n<p>Honningsvindel, der honningprodukter forfalskes eller feilmerkes, er et globalt problem. Det har b\u00e5de \u00f8konomiske konsekvenser og en potensiell risiko for matvarekvaliteten. P\u00e5litelige autentiseringsmetoder er derfor avgj\u00f8rende for \u00e5 sikre forbrukernes tillit og beskytte rettferdig handelspraksis.<\/p>\n<p>Analysen av C3- og C4-sukker er et viktig verkt\u00f8y i denne sammenheng. Disse sukkerartene er direkte knyttet til fotosyntesen i planten de kommer fra. Ved \u00e5 analysere forholdet mellom dem og isotopsammensetningen kan man ikke bare p\u00e5vise svindel (tilsetning av sukkersirup), men ogs\u00e5 f\u00e5 informasjon om <em>botanisk og geografisk opprinnelse<\/em> av honning.<\/p>\n<h2>Hva er C3- og C4-sukkerarter?<\/h2>\n<p>Planter bruker ulike fotosynteseveier for \u00e5 omdanne karbondioksid til sukker:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>C3-planter (som sukkerroer, ris, hvete og bygg) produserer sukkerarter med en karakteristisk isotopisk profil.<\/li>\n<li>C4-planter (som sukkerr\u00f8r og mais) f\u00f8lger en annen fotosyntesevei, der den f\u00f8rste stabile forbindelsen inneholder fire karbonatomer. Sukkerartene deres skiller seg isotopisk fra C3-plantenes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"6\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Karakteristisk<\/th>\n<th>C3-sukkerarter<\/th>\n<th>C4-sukker<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Kildeplanter<\/td>\n<td>Sukkerroer, ris, hvete, bygg<\/td>\n<td>Sukkerr\u00f8r, mais<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Fotosyntese<\/td>\n<td>C3-vei (3 karbonatomer)<\/td>\n<td>C4-veien (4 karbonatomer)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Vanlige forfalskningsstoffer<\/td>\n<td>Rissirup, sukkerroesirup<\/td>\n<td>Maissirup (HFCS), r\u00f8rsukkersirup<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Deteksjonskompleksitet<\/td>\n<td>Vanskeligere, mer avanserte metoder kreves<\/td>\n<td>Relativt enklere, p\u00e5litelig standardmetode<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>Testmetoder for autentisitet<\/h2>\n<p>Tradisjonelle analysemetoder er ofte ikke f\u00f8lsomme nok til \u00e5 oppdage honningbedrageri. Derfor brukes spesialiserte teknikker over hele verden:<\/p>\n<h3>C4 sukkerarter: Autentisitetstesting ved hjelp av AOAC 998.12 (EA-IRMS)<\/h3>\n<p>Den internasjonalt anerkjente AOAC 998.12-metoden bruker <em>Elementanalyse - isotopforholdsmassespektrometri (EA-IRMS)<\/em>. Denne teknikken m\u00e5ler forholdet mellom karbonisotoper (\u03b4<sup>13<\/sup>C) i honning og sammenligner det med proteinfraksjonen. P\u00e5 denne m\u00e5ten kan tilsetninger av sukkerr\u00f8r- eller maissirup p\u00e5vises. Metoden har v\u00e6rt i bruk i mer enn 20 \u00e5r, kan p\u00e5vise tilsetninger helt ned til 1% og regnes som gullstandarden for deteksjon av C4-sukker.<\/p>\n<h3>C3-sukkerarter: Autentisitetsscreening ved hjelp av FoodQS LC-HRMS<\/h3>\n<p>C3-sukker er mer komplisert \u00e5 p\u00e5vise fordi isotopprofilen deres ligger n\u00e6rmere den naturlige honningens. FoodQS GmbH, eksklusiv partner av MNZ, har derfor utviklet en avansert metode basert p\u00e5 <em>LC-HRMS (v\u00e6skekromatografi - h\u00f8yoppl\u00f8selig massespektrometri)<\/em>. Denne metoden bruker en omfattende database med sirup- og honningpr\u00f8ver for \u00e5 skille n\u00f8yaktig mellom eksogent (tilsatt) C3-sukker og naturlige honningkomponenter.<\/p>\n<p>Systemet kan til og med skille mellom sporrester fra bief\u00f4r og betydelig forfalskning, og gir ikke bare et \"positivt\/negativt\" resultat, men ogs\u00e5 et kvantitativt estimat av sirupmengden.<\/p>\n<h2>MNZs tiln\u00e6rming<\/h2>\n<p>MNZ gjennomf\u00f8rer omfattende tester for b\u00e5de C3- og C4-sukker i Manuka-honningen, b\u00e5de p\u00e5 New Zealand og ved uavhengige laboratorier i Tyskland. I tillegg til sukkeranalyser unders\u00f8kes ytterligere mark\u00f8rer, blant annet pollenanalyse, glyceraldehyd, dihydroksyaceton (DHA) og mikrobielle profiler. Med dette brede settet av analyser kan MNZ trygt garantere at honningen er ekte og ren.<\/p>\n<p>Denne innsatsen g\u00e5r utover laboratorietesting alene: MNZ samarbeider med vitenskapelige eksperter, tilsynsmyndigheter og partnere som FoodQS for \u00e5 kontinuerlig forbedre metodene. Gjennom strenge innkj\u00f8psprotokoller og b\u00e6rekraftig bir\u00f8ktpraksis ivaretas integriteten i leverand\u00f8rkjeden.<\/p>\n<h2>Konklusjon<\/h2>\n<p>Kombinasjonen av AOAC 998.12 for C4-sukkerarter og LC-HRMS for C3-sukkerarter utgj\u00f8r en effektiv strategi for \u00e5 avdekke svindel med honning. Takket v\u00e6re disse metodene, kombinert med ytterligere kvalitetskontroller, kan MNZ garantere ektheten til sin unike r\u00e5 Manuka-honning og gi forbrukere over hele verden et produkt som er rent og troverdig.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n<\/div>\n\t\n  \n    <div class=\"row large-columns-4 medium-columns-3 small-columns-2 row-small slider row-slider slider-nav-reveal slider-nav-push\"  data-flickity-options='{&quot;imagesLoaded&quot;: true, &quot;groupCells&quot;: &quot;100%&quot;, &quot;dragThreshold&quot; : 5, &quot;cellAlign&quot;: &quot;left&quot;,&quot;wrapAround&quot;: true,&quot;prevNextButtons&quot;: true,&quot;percentPosition&quot;: true,&quot;pageDots&quot;: false, &quot;rightToLeft&quot;: false, &quot;autoPlay&quot; : false}' >\n\n  \n\t     <div class=\"product-small col has-hover product type-product post-470 status-publish first instock product_cat-mnz-products has-post-thumbnail taxable shipping-taxable purchasable product-type-simple\">\n\t<div class=\"col-inner\">\n\t\n<div class=\"badge-container absolute left top z-1\">\n\n<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"product-small box\">\n\t\t<div class=\"box-image\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"image-none\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/nb\/product\/mgo-100-manuka-honey-500gr\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/manukahoney-mnz100-500g-1.webp\" class=\"attachment-woocommerce_thumbnail size-woocommerce_thumbnail\" alt=\"Manukahonning MGO 100+ 500gr.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/manukahoney-mnz100-500g-1.webp 500w, https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/manukahoney-mnz100-500g-1-100x100.webp 100w, https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/manukahoney-mnz100-500g-1-400x400.webp 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"image-tools is-small top right show-on-hover\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wishlist-icon\">\n\t\t\t<button class=\"wishlist-button button is-outline circle icon\" aria-label=\"\u00d8nskeliste\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"icon-heart\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wishlist-popup dark\">\n\t\t\t\t\n<div\n\tclass=\"yith-wcwl-add-to-wishlist add-to-wishlist-470 yith-wcwl-add-to-wishlist--link-style wishlist-fragment on-first-load\"\n\tdata-fragment-ref=\"470\"\n\tdata-fragment-options=\"{&quot;base_url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;product_id&quot;:470,&quot;parent_product_id&quot;:0,&quot;product_type&quot;:&quot;simple&quot;,&quot;is_single&quot;:false,&quot;in_default_wishlist&quot;:false,&quot;show_view&quot;:false,&quot;browse_wishlist_text&quot;:&quot;Browse wishlist&quot;,&quot;already_in_wishslist_text&quot;:&quot;The product is already in your wishlist!&quot;,&quot;product_added_text&quot;:&quot;Product added!&quot;,&quot;available_multi_wishlist&quot;:false,&quot;disable_wishlist&quot;:false,&quot;show_count&quot;:false,&quot;ajax_loading&quot;:false,&quot;loop_position&quot;:&quot;after_add_to_cart&quot;,&quot;item&quot;:&quot;add_to_wishlist&quot;}\"\n>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"image-tools is-small hide-for-small bottom left show-on-hover\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"image-tools grid-tools text-center hide-for-small bottom hover-slide-in show-on-hover\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<div class=\"box-text box-text-products text-center grid-style-2\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"title-wrapper\"><p class=\"name product-title woocommerce-loop-product__title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/nb\/product\/mgo-100-manuka-honey-500gr\/\" class=\"woocommerce-LoopProduct-link woocommerce-loop-product__link\">Manukahonning MGO 100+ 500gr.<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"price-wrapper\">\n\t<span class=\"price\"><span class=\"woocommerce-Price-amount amount\"><bdi><span class=\"woocommerce-Price-currencySymbol\">\u20ac<\/span>59.00<\/bdi><\/span> <small class=\"woocommerce-price-suffix\">inkl. mva.<\/small><\/span>\n<\/div><div class=\"add-to-cart-button\"><a href=\"\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/35806?add-to-cart=470\" aria-describedby=\"woocommerce_loop_add_to_cart_link_describedby_470\" data-quantity=\"1\" class=\"primary is-small mb-0 button product_type_simple add_to_cart_button ajax_add_to_cart is-outline\" data-product_id=\"470\" data-product_sku=\"MNZ002\" aria-label=\"Legg i handlekurv: \u00abManuka Honey MGO 100+ 500gr.\u00bb\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-success_message=\"\u00abManuka Honey MGO 100+ 500gr.\u00bb ble lagt til i handlekurven\" role=\"button\" data-no-translation=\"\" data-trp-gettext=\"\" data-no-translation-aria-label=\"\" data-no-translation-data-success_message=\"\">Legg i handlekurv<\/a><\/div>\t<span id=\"woocommerce_loop_add_to_cart_link_describedby_470\" class=\"screen-reader-text\">\n\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"product-small col has-hover product type-product post-503 status-publish instock product_cat-mnz-products has-post-thumbnail taxable shipping-taxable purchasable product-type-simple\">\n\t<div class=\"col-inner\">\n\t\n<div class=\"badge-container absolute left top z-1\">\n\n<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"product-small box\">\n\t\t<div class=\"box-image\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"image-none\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/nb\/product\/manuka-honey-drops-propolis\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/MNZ-lozenges-manuka-honey-propolis.png\" class=\"attachment-woocommerce_thumbnail size-woocommerce_thumbnail\" alt=\"Manuka honningdr\u00e5per og propolis\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/MNZ-lozenges-manuka-honey-propolis.png 500w, https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/MNZ-lozenges-manuka-honey-propolis-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/MNZ-lozenges-manuka-honey-propolis-80x80.png 80w, https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/MNZ-lozenges-manuka-honey-propolis-12x12.png 12w, https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/MNZ-lozenges-manuka-honey-propolis-100x100.png 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"image-tools is-small top right show-on-hover\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wishlist-icon\">\n\t\t\t<button class=\"wishlist-button button is-outline circle icon\" aria-label=\"\u00d8nskeliste\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"icon-heart\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wishlist-popup dark\">\n\t\t\t\t\n<div\n\tclass=\"yith-wcwl-add-to-wishlist add-to-wishlist-503 yith-wcwl-add-to-wishlist--link-style wishlist-fragment on-first-load\"\n\tdata-fragment-ref=\"503\"\n\tdata-fragment-options=\"{&quot;base_url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;product_id&quot;:503,&quot;parent_product_id&quot;:0,&quot;product_type&quot;:&quot;simple&quot;,&quot;is_single&quot;:false,&quot;in_default_wishlist&quot;:false,&quot;show_view&quot;:false,&quot;browse_wishlist_text&quot;:&quot;Browse wishlist&quot;,&quot;already_in_wishslist_text&quot;:&quot;The product is already in your wishlist!&quot;,&quot;product_added_text&quot;:&quot;Product added!&quot;,&quot;available_multi_wishlist&quot;:false,&quot;disable_wishlist&quot;:false,&quot;show_count&quot;:false,&quot;ajax_loading&quot;:false,&quot;loop_position&quot;:&quot;after_add_to_cart&quot;,&quot;item&quot;:&quot;add_to_wishlist&quot;}\"\n>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"image-tools is-small hide-for-small bottom left show-on-hover\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"image-tools grid-tools text-center hide-for-small bottom hover-slide-in show-on-hover\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<div class=\"box-text box-text-products text-center grid-style-2\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"title-wrapper\"><p class=\"name product-title woocommerce-loop-product__title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/nb\/product\/manuka-honey-drops-propolis\/\" class=\"woocommerce-LoopProduct-link woocommerce-loop-product__link\">Manuka honningdr\u00e5per og propolis<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"price-wrapper\">\n\t<span class=\"price\"><span class=\"woocommerce-Price-amount amount\"><bdi><span class=\"woocommerce-Price-currencySymbol\">\u20ac<\/span>14.95<\/bdi><\/span> <small class=\"woocommerce-price-suffix\">inkl. mva.<\/small><\/span>\n<\/div><div class=\"add-to-cart-button\"><a href=\"\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/35806?add-to-cart=503\" aria-describedby=\"woocommerce_loop_add_to_cart_link_describedby_503\" data-quantity=\"1\" class=\"primary is-small mb-0 button product_type_simple add_to_cart_button ajax_add_to_cart is-outline\" data-product_id=\"503\" data-product_sku=\"MNZ052\" aria-label=\"Legg i handlekurv: \u00abManuka Honey Drops &amp; Propolis\u00bb\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-success_message=\"\u00abManuka Honey Drops &amp; Propolis\u00bb ble lagt til i handlekurven\" role=\"button\" data-no-translation=\"\" data-trp-gettext=\"\" data-no-translation-aria-label=\"\" data-no-translation-data-success_message=\"\">Legg i handlekurv<\/a><\/div>\t<span id=\"woocommerce_loop_add_to_cart_link_describedby_503\" class=\"screen-reader-text\">\n\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"product-small col has-hover product type-product post-34241 status-publish instock product_cat-mnz-products has-post-thumbnail taxable shipping-taxable purchasable product-type-simple\">\n\t<div class=\"col-inner\">\n\t\n<div class=\"badge-container absolute left top z-1\">\n\n<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"product-small box\">\n\t\t<div class=\"box-image\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"image-none\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/nb\/product\/kanuka-balm\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/kanuka-balm.webp\" class=\"attachment-woocommerce_thumbnail size-woocommerce_thumbnail\" alt=\"Kanuka Balsam 13gr.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/kanuka-balm.webp 500w, https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/kanuka-balm-100x100.webp 100w, https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/kanuka-balm-400x400.webp 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"image-tools is-small top right show-on-hover\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wishlist-icon\">\n\t\t\t<button class=\"wishlist-button button is-outline circle icon\" aria-label=\"\u00d8nskeliste\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"icon-heart\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wishlist-popup dark\">\n\t\t\t\t\n<div\n\tclass=\"yith-wcwl-add-to-wishlist add-to-wishlist-34241 yith-wcwl-add-to-wishlist--link-style wishlist-fragment on-first-load\"\n\tdata-fragment-ref=\"34241\"\n\tdata-fragment-options=\"{&quot;base_url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;product_id&quot;:34241,&quot;parent_product_id&quot;:0,&quot;product_type&quot;:&quot;simple&quot;,&quot;is_single&quot;:false,&quot;in_default_wishlist&quot;:false,&quot;show_view&quot;:false,&quot;browse_wishlist_text&quot;:&quot;Browse wishlist&quot;,&quot;already_in_wishslist_text&quot;:&quot;The product is already in your wishlist!&quot;,&quot;product_added_text&quot;:&quot;Product added!&quot;,&quot;available_multi_wishlist&quot;:false,&quot;disable_wishlist&quot;:false,&quot;show_count&quot;:false,&quot;ajax_loading&quot;:false,&quot;loop_position&quot;:&quot;after_add_to_cart&quot;,&quot;item&quot;:&quot;add_to_wishlist&quot;}\"\n>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"image-tools is-small hide-for-small bottom left show-on-hover\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"image-tools grid-tools text-center hide-for-small bottom hover-slide-in show-on-hover\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<div class=\"box-text box-text-products text-center grid-style-2\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"title-wrapper\"><p class=\"name product-title woocommerce-loop-product__title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/nb\/product\/kanuka-balm\/\" class=\"woocommerce-LoopProduct-link woocommerce-loop-product__link\">Kanuka Balsam 13gr.<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"price-wrapper\">\n\t<span class=\"price\"><span class=\"woocommerce-Price-amount amount\"><bdi><span class=\"woocommerce-Price-currencySymbol\">\u20ac<\/span>17.50<\/bdi><\/span> <small class=\"woocommerce-price-suffix\">inkl. mva.<\/small><\/span>\n<\/div><div class=\"add-to-cart-button\"><a href=\"\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/35806?add-to-cart=34241\" aria-describedby=\"woocommerce_loop_add_to_cart_link_describedby_34241\" data-quantity=\"1\" class=\"primary is-small mb-0 button product_type_simple add_to_cart_button ajax_add_to_cart is-outline\" data-product_id=\"34241\" data-product_sku=\"MNZ205\" aria-label=\"Legg i handlekurv: \u00abKanuka Balm 13gr.\u00bb\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-success_message=\"\u00abKanuka Balm 13gr.\u00bb ble lagt til i handlekurven\" role=\"button\" data-no-translation=\"\" data-trp-gettext=\"\" data-no-translation-aria-label=\"\" data-no-translation-data-success_message=\"\">Legg i handlekurv<\/a><\/div>\t<span id=\"woocommerce_loop_add_to_cart_link_describedby_34241\" class=\"screen-reader-text\">\n\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"product-small col has-hover product type-product post-33316 status-publish instock product_cat-mnz-products has-post-thumbnail taxable shipping-taxable purchasable product-type-simple\">\n\t<div class=\"col-inner\">\n\t\n<div class=\"badge-container absolute left top z-1\">\n\n<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"product-small box\">\n\t\t<div class=\"box-image\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"image-none\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/nb\/product\/propolis-30ml\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/propolis-liquid-mnz-1.webp\" class=\"attachment-woocommerce_thumbnail size-woocommerce_thumbnail\" alt=\"Propolis v\u00e6ske (alkoholfri) 30ML.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/propolis-liquid-mnz-1.webp 500w, https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/propolis-liquid-mnz-1-100x100.webp 100w, https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/propolis-liquid-mnz-1-400x400.webp 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"image-tools is-small top right show-on-hover\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wishlist-icon\">\n\t\t\t<button class=\"wishlist-button button is-outline circle icon\" aria-label=\"\u00d8nskeliste\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"icon-heart\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wishlist-popup dark\">\n\t\t\t\t\n<div\n\tclass=\"yith-wcwl-add-to-wishlist add-to-wishlist-33316 yith-wcwl-add-to-wishlist--link-style wishlist-fragment on-first-load\"\n\tdata-fragment-ref=\"33316\"\n\tdata-fragment-options=\"{&quot;base_url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;product_id&quot;:33316,&quot;parent_product_id&quot;:0,&quot;product_type&quot;:&quot;simple&quot;,&quot;is_single&quot;:false,&quot;in_default_wishlist&quot;:false,&quot;show_view&quot;:false,&quot;browse_wishlist_text&quot;:&quot;Browse wishlist&quot;,&quot;already_in_wishslist_text&quot;:&quot;The product is already in your wishlist!&quot;,&quot;product_added_text&quot;:&quot;Product added!&quot;,&quot;available_multi_wishlist&quot;:false,&quot;disable_wishlist&quot;:false,&quot;show_count&quot;:false,&quot;ajax_loading&quot;:false,&quot;loop_position&quot;:&quot;after_add_to_cart&quot;,&quot;item&quot;:&quot;add_to_wishlist&quot;}\"\n>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"image-tools is-small hide-for-small bottom left show-on-hover\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"image-tools grid-tools text-center hide-for-small bottom hover-slide-in show-on-hover\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<div class=\"box-text box-text-products text-center grid-style-2\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"title-wrapper\"><p class=\"name product-title woocommerce-loop-product__title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/nb\/product\/propolis-30ml\/\" class=\"woocommerce-LoopProduct-link woocommerce-loop-product__link\">Propolis v\u00e6ske (alkoholfri) 30ML.<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"price-wrapper\">\n\t<span class=\"price\"><span class=\"woocommerce-Price-amount amount\"><bdi><span class=\"woocommerce-Price-currencySymbol\">\u20ac<\/span>25.50<\/bdi><\/span> <small class=\"woocommerce-price-suffix\">inkl. mva.<\/small><\/span>\n<\/div><div class=\"add-to-cart-button\"><a href=\"\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/35806?add-to-cart=33316\" aria-describedby=\"woocommerce_loop_add_to_cart_link_describedby_33316\" data-quantity=\"1\" class=\"primary is-small mb-0 button product_type_simple add_to_cart_button ajax_add_to_cart is-outline\" data-product_id=\"33316\" data-product_sku=\"MNZ040\" aria-label=\"Legg i handlekurv: \u00abPropolis liquid (alcohol free) 30ML.\u00bb\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-success_message=\"\u00abPropolis liquid (alcohol free) 30ML.\u00bb ble lagt til i handlekurven\" role=\"button\" data-no-translation=\"\" data-trp-gettext=\"\" data-no-translation-aria-label=\"\" data-no-translation-data-success_message=\"\">Legg i handlekurv<\/a><\/div>\t<span id=\"woocommerce_loop_add_to_cart_link_describedby_33316\" class=\"screen-reader-text\">\n\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-35806","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>C3 &amp; C4 Sugars in Honey \u2013 Authenticity Testing | MNZ\u00ae<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn how C3 &amp; C4 sugar analysis detects honey fraud and verifies authenticity. Discover MNZ\u2019s advanced LC-HRMS and AOAC methods for pure Manuka honey.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/nb\/chemical-background-c3-c4-sugars\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"nb_NO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"C3 &amp; C4 Sugars in Honey \u2013 Authenticity Testing | MNZ\u00ae\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Learn how C3 &amp; C4 sugar analysis detects honey fraud and verifies authenticity. Discover MNZ\u2019s advanced LC-HRMS and AOAC methods for pure Manuka honey.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/nb\/chemical-background-c3-c4-sugars\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"MNZ - Manuka New Zealand\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-01-30T14:51:16+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/mnz-logo-200x200-1.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"200\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"200\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\\\/chemical-background-c3-c4-sugars\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\\\/chemical-background-c3-c4-sugars\\\/\",\"name\":\"C3 & C4 Sugars in Honey \u2013 Authenticity Testing | MNZ\u00ae\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\\\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2025-09-30T11:34:18+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-01-30T14:51:16+00:00\",\"description\":\"Learn how C3 & C4 sugar analysis detects honey fraud and verifies authenticity. Discover MNZ\u2019s advanced LC-HRMS and AOAC methods for pure Manuka honey.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\\\/chemical-background-c3-c4-sugars\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"nb-NO\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\\\/chemical-background-c3-c4-sugars\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\\\/chemical-background-c3-c4-sugars\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Chemical background of C3 and C4 sugars\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\\\/\",\"name\":\"MNZ - Manuka New Zealand - The Best Raw Manuka Honey\",\"description\":\"\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"nb-NO\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"MNZ - Manuka New Zealand - The Best Raw Manuka Honey\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"nb-NO\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/11\\\/mnz-logo-200x200-1.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/11\\\/mnz-logo-200x200-1.png\",\"width\":200,\"height\":200,\"caption\":\"MNZ - Manuka New Zealand - The Best Raw Manuka Honey\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"}}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"C3- og C4-sukker i honning - ekthetstesting | MNZ\u00ae - MNZ","description":"L\u00e6r hvordan C3- og C4-sukkeranalyse oppdager honningbedrageri og verifiserer ektheten. Oppdag MNZs avanserte LC-HRMS- og AOAC-metoder for ren Manuka-honning.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/nb\/chemical-background-c3-c4-sugars\/","og_locale":"nb_NO","og_type":"article","og_title":"C3 & C4 Sugars in Honey \u2013 Authenticity Testing | MNZ\u00ae","og_description":"Learn how C3 & C4 sugar analysis detects honey fraud and verifies authenticity. Discover MNZ\u2019s advanced LC-HRMS and AOAC methods for pure Manuka honey.","og_url":"https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/nb\/chemical-background-c3-c4-sugars\/","og_site_name":"MNZ - Manuka New Zealand","article_modified_time":"2026-01-30T14:51:16+00:00","og_image":[{"width":200,"height":200,"url":"https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/mnz-logo-200x200-1.png","type":"image\/png"}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/chemical-background-c3-c4-sugars\/","url":"https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/chemical-background-c3-c4-sugars\/","name":"C3- og C4-sukker i honning - ekthetstesting | MNZ\u00ae - MNZ","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/#website"},"datePublished":"2025-09-30T11:34:18+00:00","dateModified":"2026-01-30T14:51:16+00:00","description":"L\u00e6r hvordan C3- og C4-sukkeranalyse oppdager honningbedrageri og verifiserer ektheten. Oppdag MNZs avanserte LC-HRMS- og AOAC-metoder for ren Manuka-honning.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/chemical-background-c3-c4-sugars\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"nb-NO","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/chemical-background-c3-c4-sugars\/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/chemical-background-c3-c4-sugars\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Chemical background of C3 and C4 sugars"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/","name":"MNZ - Manuka New Zealand - Den beste r\u00e5 Manuka-honningen","description":"","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"nb-NO"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/#organization","name":"MNZ - Manuka New Zealand - Den beste r\u00e5 Manuka-honningen","url":"https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"nb-NO","@id":"https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/mnz-logo-200x200-1.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/mnz-logo-200x200-1.png","width":200,"height":200,"caption":"MNZ - Manuka New Zealand - The Best Raw Manuka Honey"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"}}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/35806","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=35806"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/35806\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":36084,"href":"https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/35806\/revisions\/36084"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.manukanewzealand.eu\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=35806"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}